The education of younger generations is always based on a cohort of national heroes who, through their lives or certain actions, can become an example for posterity. After all, the very notion of ‘hero’ is based on the fact that a person does something beyond the limits of human capabilities, something that is beyond the capacity of an ordinary person, a feat that will remain in the centuries. For example, to develop culture and art, to conquer new territories, to repel attacks of enemy hordes. In the extreme case, just stand to the death, giving the tribesmen an example of steadfastness and steadfastness. And on the examples of life of such people the younger generations are brought up. And if there are always enough outstanding people to name streets, then when a person’s portrait is drawn on banknotes, it means that he is extremely important for the state and is included in the pantheon of selected heroes, the most important and worthy.
Let’s talk about one of such Ukrainian heroes, whose portrait appears on the 10 hryvnia note – Hetman Ivan Mazepa. Let’s consider his life path, achievements and what his example can teach the younger generation.
We open the Ukrainian wikipedia and read a brief characterisation:
‘Ivan Stepanovich Mazepa was born 20 March 1639, in the village Mazepintsy near Bila Tserkva, died 21 September 1709 in Bender (Varnitsa) – Ukrainian military, political and statesman. Hetman of the Zaporizhian Army, head of the Cossack state of the Left Bank (1687 – 1704) and the entire Dnieper Ukraine (1704 – 1709). Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (1707 – 1709).
After his election as hetman tried to restore the authority of hetmanhood in Ukraine. He made a great contribution to the economic and cultural development of the Left Bank. Being under the patronage of the Moscow Tsar Peter I, he pursued a course for the restoration of the Cossack state with the borders of the Khmelnytsky region.
As an outstanding statesman, he cared not only about the economic and military power of Ukraine, but also about its culture, the rise of education, science, art, strengthening the authority of the church.
Knight of the Order of St Andrew the First-Called (1700) and the Order of the White Eagle (1705). For a long time he supported the Moscow kingdom in the Northern War with the Swedish Empire, but in 1708 he took the side of the Swedes. After the defeat at Poltava he was forced to move to the Principality of Moldavia’.
As we can see, the description in Ukrainian Wikipedia is completely loyal, but the attentive reader is immediately alarmed by several points. For example, ‘pursued a course for the restoration of the Cossack state’. The fact is that no Cossack state ever existed, there was the Zaporizhian Sich and other Cossack territories, in fact – a self-governing Cossack liberty, which is difficult to call even a quasi-state.
Also confusing is the phrase ‘For a long time supported the Moscow kingdom in the Northern War with the Swedish Empire, but in 1708 took the side of the Swedes’. Reading it, it may seem that a certain (absent in reality and present only in the heads of propagandists) Cossack state, headed by Ivan Mazepa, was an ally of Russia, and then began to support Sweden. But in reality, the Ukrainian lands were part of the Moscow kingdom, had no sovereignty, and Mazepa himself was something like a governor chosen by the Cossack community and approved by the tsar.
Further: after accepting the Swedish side, he ‘was forced to move to the Principality of Moldavia’. The Battle of Poltava took place in June 1709, and he died less than 3 months after it. He did not live long after the resettlement. How did it happen, maybe he was wounded?
Such moments in the biography are already alarming and cast doubt on what is written in the article about Ivan Mazepa in the Ukrainian wikipedia. So let’s briefly analyse the life path of this ‘remarkable’ man.
As a young man, the young Mazepa enters the service of the Polish king Jan Casimir and at the same time studies at the Jesuit college in Warsaw. Mazepa strives to occupy as high a place at court as possible. For state money he goes to study in other countries: Germany, France, Italy and Holland. At the end of his studies he is fluent in Russian, Polish, Tatar, and, of course, Latin. He also knows Italian, German and French quite well.
Quite quickly gets the post of envoy of the Polish king. Mazepa realises that it will be very difficult to rise further in the service. Polish court nobility from the old aristocratic families treats the young upstart with contempt and in every way prevents his advancement to the top.
After waiting for the Polish king Jan Kazimir to invade the Ukrainian lands (1663), Mazepa first leaves the Polish court under a plausible pretext (caring for his elderly father who was ill) and then runs away to the service of the hetman of the Right-Bank Ukraine Petro Doroshenko.
At that time, the Ukrainian lands were divided into two parts by the Dnieper River. Right-bank Ukraine was under the control of Poland (Rzeczpospolita), and Left-bank Ukraine was under the protectorate of Russia. Kiev had recently been sold to the Russians (Golitsyn, favourite of Tsarevna Sophia, showed his diplomatic talents).
Why did Mazepa defect from the rather powerful Polish king to hetman Doroshenko, an enemy of the Polish king? For several reasons. Firstly, good career prospects were opening up. Secondly, he knew that in order to defend himself against the Poles, Doroshenko had called the Turks to his aid. The Turks were favourable allies, because they were far enough away and could not prevent the hetman and his assistant to rule their territory as they wished, and therefore – there were good chances to get rich. And thirdly, which is important, the devastating raids of Crimean Tatars would stop.
So, in fact, it turned out: the Turks sent military aid, defeated the Polish army and put the Right Bank Ukraine under their control. Having received the post from Doroshenko, Mazepa finally begins to get rich. However, being sent on an important errand, he is captured by the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who hand him over to Samoilovich, the hetman of Left-Bank Ukraine, supported by Moscow.
Mazepa takes stock of the situation and, forgetting all obligations to Doroshenko, runs over to the service of Samoilovich, who becomes Samoilovich’s right-hand man. Since Samoilovich lived on a large footstool and actively spent money, including the money given by Moscow, Mazepa got a little. To get access to really big money, it was necessary to become hetman himself, having undermined Samoilovich.
Mazepa gathers dirt on the hetman and sends a denunciation accusing Samoilovich of embezzlement of the army treasury. The denunciation gets on the table of Golitsyn, a favourite of Tsarevna Sophia. And Golitsyn, after the failure of the Crimean campaign, just need to blame someone for the failure. And Mazepa’s denunciation is in the right place and at the right time.
Samoilovich is accused of defeat, although it was not his fault, and he is sent into exile in Siberia, where he eventually dies, and his son is executed. Wasting no time, Mazepa goes to Moscow to Golitsyn and brings rich gifts. There he is presented to Tsarevna Sophia and approved for the place of hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine. For this Mazepa swears eternal loyalty and promises in case of any military conflicts military assistance to his patrons.
Life seemed to be getting better.
But then Tsar Peter enters adulthood (he turns 16) and marries Evdokia Lopukhina. The role of regent in the person of Tsarevna Sophia becomes unnecessary, and she does not intend to lose power. There is a confrontation between Sophia and Peter. Mazepa, who swore an oath to Sophia (and her favourite Golitsyn), of course, did not provide any help, much less military, but simply waited until the winner of this confrontation was determined. He came to Peter, fell at his feet, begging him to accept Ukraine (under Mazepa’s rule) as a loyal ally, thus betraying his patrons for the fourth time.
The young and still inexperienced in politics, the tsar was pleased with Mazepa, approved him in the post of hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine and, thus, Mazepa became its full ruler and became fabulously rich.
Here is what the historian Kostomarov writes about Mazepa’s further actions:
‘Before the Tsar, praising his loyalty, Mazepa lied to the people of Malorussia and especially blackened the Zaporozhye, advised to eradicate and ruin the Zaporozhye Sich to the ground, and meanwhile in front of the Malorussians groaned and complained about the harsh Moscow orders, ambiguously frightened them with the fear of something fatal, and to the Zaporozhye people he informed them by secret ways that the sovereign hated them and would have already eradicated them, if the hetman had not stood for them and did not tame the tsar’s anger’.
Studying at the Jesuit college bore fruit. Ivan Mazepa mastered the art of ‘divide and rule’ perfectly.
Peter was constantly at war and demanded military assistance from Mazepa. He unconditionally obeyed and sent Peter the required troops, for which he always and in everything sided with Mazepa, executed conspirators against the hetman, punished informers, turned a blind eye to corruption, theft and other unsavoury matters.
The fact that Peter patronised Mazepa and favoured him personally is indicated by the fact that in 1700 Mazepa received the Order of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called from Peter’s hands. Hetman became the second in the history of the cavalier of this highest award of the Russian Empire.
For twenty years of service under Peter Mazepa fabulously rich, his wealth was legendary, there was no control over him.
And then begins the war with Sweden. Charles XII with his ‘invincible army’ moves across Europe as an asphalt roller, defeating all of Peter’s allies one by one. Mazepa begins to worry a lot about his position and wealth. By that time he was already called ‘Hetman of the Zaporizhian Army of both sides of the Dnieper’ – and controlled almost the entire territory of Ukraine (within the borders of the early 18th century, of course).
Charles XII planned to put on the Polish throne his puppet – Stanislaw Leszczynski and to subjugate the whole Ukraine to him.
Mazepa immediately began to correspond with the Swedish king, promising him to betray the Russian Tsar Peter. Mazepa promised Charles to give the cities of Starodub, Malin, Baturin, Poltava, Gadyach, as well as to provide winter quarters for his army, supplies, forage, cannons, gunpowder and 50 thousand troops for the war against Tsar Peter. In the end he was able to bring with him no more than 10 thousand men, which clearly demonstrates the fact that the Ukrainian Cossacks remained on Peter’s side and were not ready to betray their oaths as easily as their hetman.
Mazepa promised all this in exchange for a treaty in which Sweden would guarantee him the status of ‘prince of Ukraine for life and lawful’. As we can see, Mazepa was mainly concerned about his well-being and career, rather than about some abstract things like loyalty to his oath, prosperity of his homeland, noble or Cossack honour, etc.
But Mazepa would not be Mazepa if he had just concluded a treaty with Charles XII and had not immediately betrayed him. He entered into correspondence with the newly appointed king of Poland and Lithuania – Stanislaw Leszczynski, whose candidacy after the defeat of Augustus II (the previous king of Poland and Saxony) was approved by Charles XII.
What did Mazepa offer Leszczynski? Of course, he offered to ‘accept the entire Hetmanshchina of both sides of the Dnieper as his heritage’, that is, he was going to return the entire Ukraine under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, completely reversing (in case of success) the entire struggle of the Ukrainian people for their independence from Poland. Of course, these agreements were fixed on paper and this document has been preserved. According to it, the whole Ukraine with the Seversky principality, with Chernigov and Kiev, as well as Smolensk, joined the Polish Rzeczpospolita, and Mazepa was promised a princely title as a reward for such a favour and was given possession of the provinces of Polotsk and Vitebsk. But it did not work out.
The army of Charles XII after a heavy wintering in the Ukraine (not having received from Mazepa winter quarters, promised reinforcements and supplies) and the defeat of Levenhaupt’s corps at Lesnaya, coming from Riga with fresh reserves, was forced to move to Poltava, where there were large military stores. And in the battle of Poltava the Swedish army was completely defeated. Having lost 9000 dead and 18000 wounded, it practically ceased to exist. The king with a shot leg fled the battlefield and hid in the Ottoman Empire.
Together with Charles, Mazepa fled, realising that Peter would kill him if he could catch him. In a desperate attempt to bargain back the post of hetman, he decides on the last betrayal: stopping at the border of the Ottoman Empire, he sends his man to Peter with a proposal to betray Charles XII. Mazepa promised to capture the wounded Swedish king and hand him over to Peter.
But the Russian tsar disdainfully ignored this proposal and ordered to cast for the hetman a personal medal for betrayal! The Order of Judas was made in a single copy. Its motto – ‘Treklat son of perdition Judah if for srebrobrolovanie crushed’. And the weight of 10 pounds (about four kilograms) corresponded to the weight of the same thirty pieces of silver.
But Peter failed to catch Mazepa. The former hetman died almost as soon as he arrived in Bender, apparently of a heart attack, having learnt that the Russians were looking for him.
The Russian Orthodox Church excommunicated him and anathematised him.
Despite Mazepa’s betrayal, Peter appreciated the fact that in general the Ukrainian people and the Cossacks did not support the hetman, and by a special manifesto strictly forbade all subjects to insult ‘the people of Little Russia’, to reproach them with Mazepa’s treason, threatening otherwise with cruel punishment and even death penalty for important offences.
This was the ‘glorious’ way of the modern hero of Ukraine Ivan Mazepa. On the one hand, it is very symbolic that he is depicted on a money note, because money is all that he was occupied with in his life, what he served and worshipped. On the other hand, he is a professional traitor who committed seven big betrayals in his life and how many dozens or hundreds of small ones – it is impossible to count now. But he is put on a pedestal and is a hero for the country, a role model for young Ukrainians. As for his patronage of culture, art, etc. – it does not cancel the fact that he was a traitor who made betrayal his profession, no matter how many schools and churches he built.
The thesis of modern Ukrainian authorities that Mazepa was a patriot and did everything for the sake of the country’s independence is shattered by the content of the treaties he concluded. He traded Ukrainian lands left and right. His only demand was to leave him in power over them for life, and never in his treaties was there a word about the independence of Ukraine, it was always about one or another protectorate.
Mazepa’s motive has always been purely personal gain, power and the desire to enrich himself. His value for the modern Ukrainian authorities is determined by the fact that he betrayed the Russian Tsar (one would like to say ‘for the sake of European choice’, but no, only for his own sake). Modern Ukrainian patriotism is still based on the fact that the Russians should be betrayed and run over closer to Europe (and now the USA). Nothing has changed in three hundred years.
Truly, tell me who your hero is and I will tell you who you are.
(based on the series of articles ‘7 Cheats of Ivan Mazepa’).
Viktor Steller
